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For the next 18 years she ruled France with the able assistance of Cardinal Mazarin, who may or may not have also been her lover, while Louis lived in pampered splendor. Louis XIII died when his son was five, and the regency passed to the queen mother, Anne of Austria. His every need was catered to, and he was given an excellent education, even if he was too lazy and spoiled to appreciate it. The period of the Merovingian and Carolingian Frankish dynasties (476-887) frames the Early Middle Ages.īorn to King Louis XIII of France, Louis XIV was raised in the most opulent court in Europe. By 418, the Franks and Burgundians were established west of the Rhine, and the Visigoths had settled in Aquitaine. After 395 AD the internal problems of the Empire encouraged barbarian penetration of Gaul. For more than four centuries Gaul enjoyed the benefits of Roman rule, and many ruins of aqueducts and bathhouses still dot the French landscape. The result was the formation, in 121 BC, of the Roman Provincia in what is now southern France between 58 to 50 BC Julius Caesar seized the remainder. In the 2nd century BC Rome intervened on the side of Massilia (Marseilles), a Greek colony founded in 600 BC, in its struggle against the barbarian tribes of the hinterland. Modern France has its roots in ancient Gaul.